考点11 简单句和并列句

考向一 句子成分

构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。现简单回顾如下简单句子拓展练习：

1.主语简单句子拓展练习：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体简单句子拓展练习，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）

We often speak English in class.（代词）

One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）

To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）

Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）

The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）

It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）

2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.

2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.

3.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：

Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）

Is it yours?（代词）

The weather has turned cold.（形容词）

The speech is exciting.（分词）

Three times seven is twenty one。（数词）

His job is to teach English.（不定式）

His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）

The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）

Time is up. The class is over.（副词）

The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

4.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：

They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）

The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）

How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）

He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）

I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）

I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）

宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.

5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：

His father named him Dongming.（名词）

They painted their boat white.（形容词）

Let the fresh air in.（副词）

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）

We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）

We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）

We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）

6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：

Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）

China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）

There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）

His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）

Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）

The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）

He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）

7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：

Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）

He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）

He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）

He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）

Wait a minute.（名词）

Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）

状语种类如下：

How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）

Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）

I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）

Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）

She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）

She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）

He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）

She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）

I am taller than he is.（比较状语）

8.同位语：当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。同理，当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。

Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.（Mr. Smith是主语our new teacher的同位语,指同一人）

Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.（a friend of my brother's是宾语Tom的同位语，指同一人）

指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分

1. The students got on the school bus.

2. He handed me the newspaper.

3. I shall answer your question after class.

4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!

5. They went hunting together early in the morning.

6. His job is to train swimmers.

7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.

8. There is going to be an American film tonight.

9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.

10. His wish is to become a scientist.

答案：

1、主语，定语简单句子拓展练习；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；

考向二 简单句与并列句

一、句子种类分类法

1、按句子的用途可分四种：

1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.

2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?

3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class

4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!

2、按句子的结构可分三种：

1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。

e.g. You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。

e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

二、简单句的五种基本句型

1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.

2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.

3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.

4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.

5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.

注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。

三、并列句的分类

1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。 e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.

2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.

3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.

4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

1.Practice more，　　　 you’ll learn English better.

　A. or B. so C. and D. but

【答案】C

【解析】句意：多练习，你的英语就能学得更好。or 否则，或者；so因此；and和，与;于是，然后;but 但是。空格前后为顺承关系，故选C。　　

2.Don’t go to crowded places，　　you may have the flu easily.

A. and　　　B. but　　　　C. or　　　 D. so　

【答案】C

【解析】句意：不要去拥挤的地方，否则你可能会很容易得流感。and 并且；but 但是；or否则；so所以。根据句意知选C。　　

3.Going to the movies is good，　　 I really only like listening to music.

A. and　 B. but 　 　　C. so D. or　　

【答案】B

【解析】句意：去看电影很好，但是我真的仅仅喜欢听音乐。and和；but但是；so所以；or或者。根据句意可知两句是转折关系，故选B。　　

4.I don’t know 　　　　.

A. where can we buy the tickets

B. how much it costs to fly to Shanghai

C. who is he waiting for

D. why was he late for school this morning

【答案】B

【解析】句意：我不知道飞到上海的费用是多少。宾语从句只能用陈述语序，所以选B。　　

5.—Can you tell me 　　　　 your parents at home?

—I often wash clothes and sweep the floor.

A. how will you help B. how you help

C. how you will help D. how do you help

【答案】B

【解析】宾语从句应用陈述语序，排除A、D两项。答语用了一般现在时，所以所填写句子也用一般现在时，排除C项。　　　

6.We didn’t go home 　　　　the old man was sent to the hospital.

　A. until B. when C. while D.whether

【答案】A

【解析】not... until“直到……才”。句意为“直到把老人送去医院，我们才回家”。故选A。　　

7.—Do you like sports?

—Yes，I do some running in the park every day　　　the weather is terrible.

A. if B. after 　　C. unless D. while　

【答案】C

【解析】句意：“你喜欢运动吗? ”“是的，如果天气不糟糕，我就会每天在公园里跑步。”由此可判断答案选C。　　

8.We can talk with friends on the Internet 　　　it’s easier and cheaper.

　　A. though B. as C. or D. but　　

【答案】B

【解析】句意为“我们可以在网上与朋友们聊天是因为它既容易又便宜”。as用作连词表示原因。答案选B。　　

9.The girl is　　　 a nice girl 　　we all want to help her.

　　A. such;that B. too;to

　　C. so;that D. very;that

【答案】A

【解析】选项D不构成词组，首先排除。too... to句型中to后接动词原形，本句为主从句的形式，故排除B。such a nice girl=so nice a girl，排除C。答案选A。　

10.　　　 there were only five soldiers left at the front，_____ they went on fighting.

　　A. Because;so B. If;and 　　C. Though;but D. Though;/　　　

【答案】D

【解析】由句意知，虽然前线只有五位战士，但他们继续战斗。答案选D。

题组一 基础过关

1.I don’t know the teacher 　　is talking with Miss Wang.

　A. what B. whom C. which D. who

2.—Is that all?

　—Yes. That’s all　　 I want to take.

　　A. which B. that C. who D. whose

3. —Could you tell me 　　　 you’ll go to Paris?

—Next month. (2016·天津)

A. why　　 B. where　　　　 C. when　　　　 D. how

4.My family always go somewhere interesting 　　 the holiday begins. (2016·天津)

A. as soon as　　 B. so　　 C. so that　 D. even though

5.Our Chinese teacher didn’t go to bed 　　he finished his work last night. (2016·重庆)

A. if B. until　　 C. since　　 D. because

6.Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movie experience _____people cannot get at home.

A. that　　B. who　　　　C. whom　　 D. what

7.I t is difficult to remember and write Chinese traditional characters，　　　they are a great part of Chinese culture. We should keep them.

A. but B. and C. or D. until

8.—The students of Grade 9 in Changchun have to take part in the P. E. test from 2016.

—Yes，　　　you want to pass it and be stronger，practice more.

A. until B. if C. unless D. or

9.—Excuse me. Could you tell me 　　about the local history and culture?

—Of course. You can check it on this computer.

A. how can I get the information

B. what information did I get

C. where I can get the information

D. that I got the information

10.—What did your father say to you just now?

—He asked me______ .

A. that I would like to see a movie

B. where I will spend my holiday

C. if I enjoyed myself at the party

D. when did I attend the graduation party

11.Everyone was surprised at the photos 　　 were taken by Mr. Thomas in the deep sea.

A. who B. /　　　　 C. what　　　 D. which

题组二 能力提升

A

(2020年7月，浙江卷）

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Some time after 10，000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 1. ，through agriculture. Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on 2. could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.

Farming produced more food per person 3. hunting and gathering， so people were able to raise more children. And， as more children were born， more food 4. (need). Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 5.(change)lives.

By about 6000 BC，people 6. (discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise. Later，they learned to work with the 7. (season)，planting at the right time and， in dry areas， 8. (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.

This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then， with 9. rise of science， changes began. New methods 10. (mean)that fewer people worked in farming. In the last century or so， these changes have accelerated. New power machinery and artificial fertilizers(化肥)have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age.

B

(2020年，新高考全国Ⅰ卷）

阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques. In the 18th and 19th centuries, 11. (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big 12. until they died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 13. (form) the core collection of the British Museum 14. opened in 1759.

The parts of a museum open to the public 15. (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection 16. (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.

Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine 17. (they) living at a different time in history or 18.(walk)through a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York, the city’s Viking settlement is recreated, and people experience the sights, sounds and smells of the old town. Historical 19. (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must compete 20.people’s spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.

题组三 体验真题

1.(2011﹒全国卷I)—Someone wants you on the phone.

—_____nobody knows I am here.

A. Although B. And C. But D. So

2.(2011﹒山东)Find ways to praise your children often, ____ you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.

A. till B. or C. and D. but

3.(2011﹒辽宁)Bring the flowers into a warm room ___ they'll soon open.

A. or B. and C. but D. for

4.(2013﹒北京﹒T22)Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs ____you could have problems.

A. or B. and C. but D. so

5.(2013﹒新课标II)I was glad to meet Jenny again, _____ I didn't want to spend all day with her

A. but B. and C. so D. or

6.(2013﹒四川) Read this story, _____ you will realize that not everything can be bought with money.

A. or B. and C. but D. so

7.(2013﹒重庆)It's not easy to change habits, ______ with awareness and self-control, it is possible.

A.for B.or C.but D. so

8.(2014﹒北京)Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ______ plants can spread to new places.

A. so B. or C. for D. but

9.(2015﹒北京)He is a shy man,___he is not afraid of anything or anyone.

A.so B. but C.or D. as

10.(2016﹒北京)I am not afraid of tomorrow, ________ I have seen yesterday and I love today.

A. so B. and C. for D. but

11.(2017﹒北京)—Peter, please send us postcards ______ we’ll know where you have visited.

—No problem.

A. but B. or C. for D. so

12.(2019﹒新课标II卷)I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made_(make) over the years. I work not because I have to, 67 because I want to.”

13. (2020﹒浙江﹒语法填空)It's also that they are on average healthier 65 more productive for longer.

明晚公布答案，同学们加油哦[加油][微笑]